Monday, February 23, 2026

Sylvia Du Bois: The "Slave Who Whipt Her Mistress"


The story of Sylvia Du Bois (c. 1788–1888) is a powerful narrative of defiance and survival that challenges the historical misconception that slavery was exclusively a Southern institution. A resident of the Mid-Atlantic, Du Bois became a local legend in New Jersey and Pennsylvania for her physical strength, her entrepreneurial spirit, and the extraordinary way she claimed her freedom.


Biography: A Century of Change

While Sylvia herself claimed she was born in 1768, historians—including Jared C. Lobdell—generally date her birth to approximately 1788 or 1789 on Sourland Mountain, New Jersey. She was born into slavery, the daughter of Cuffy Baird (a Revolutionary War veteran) and Dorcas Compton.

At the age of 14, Sylvia was taken to Great Bend, Pennsylvania, to work at a tavern owned by Dominicus "Minna" Du Bois. Described as standing 5 feet 10 inches tall and weighing over 200 pounds, she often performed labor typically reserved for men, such as:

  • Ferrying boats across the Susquehanna River.

  • Field work and heavy manual labor.

  • Bouncing at the tavern, where she occasionally engaged in bare-knuckle wrestling or "pugilist" bouts.

The Path to Freedom

The turning point in Sylvia's life occurred during a confrontation with her mistress. After being struck for a perceived infraction, Sylvia fought back, physically overpowering the woman. Following this act of defiance, her master, Dominicus, reportedly offered her a deal: if she could make it back to New Jersey, she would be free.

Sylvia took her infant daughter and traveled on foot from Pennsylvania to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where she eventually reunited with her mother and established her life as a free woman.


Accomplishments and Later Life

Sylvia Du Bois was far more than a survivor; she was a fixture of her community:

  • Business Owner: In 1812, she inherited "Put's Tavern" on Sourland Mountain from her grandfather. She managed the establishment for years, though it was eventually destroyed by fire around 1840.

  • Subject of a Biography: In 1883, physician Dr. Cornelius Wilson Larison interviewed her multiple times. He published her story under the phonetically spelled title, Silvia Dubois (Now 116 Yers Old) A Biografy of the Slav who Whipt Her Mistres and Gand Her Fredom.

  • Longevity: She lived to be approximately 100 years old, surviving the Great Blizzard of 1888.

Education and Historical Context

While Sylvia did not receive a formal academic education—as was common for enslaved individuals in the late 18th century—her life provides a "social history" education for scholars today. Her narrative, transcribed in Larison's idiosyncratic "Phonic Orthography," offers a rare, first-hand account of the dialect and experiences of Black women in the North during the 19th century.


Legacy

Sylvia Du Bois is remembered as a symbol of Black resilience in the Northern United States. Her life is a "touchstone" for understanding the complexities of slavery in regions like New Jersey and Pennsylvania. She is buried in Stoutsburg Cemetery on Sourland Mountain, a site that remains a testament to her journey from bondage to independence.

Sources and Further Reading

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